twice as much energy as it receives from the Sun. As suspected, Saturn must have internal shells of liquid and metallic hydrogen, small amounts of helium, ammonia, water, and perhaps a small rocky core. A magnetic field was also discovered around Saturn, larger than the Earths, but smaller than that of Jupiter. It is five times as weak as predicted by theory. The axis of this magnetic field is aligned parallel to the planets rotation axis, contrary to the circumstances in both Jupiter and Earth. The boundary of the magnetic field varies due to changes in the pressure of the solar wind on the sunward side, as was found in the case of Jupiter. The atmosphere of Saturn has weak bonds and there is a high haze, perhaps composed of crystals of ammonia ice, above the clouds. Apparent high-speed jet streams were also detected in the atmosphere. Confirming ground-based measurements, the cloud-top temperatures were measured at about -200 degrees Celsius (-330 degrees Fahrenheit), and only about 73 degrees Celsius (130 degrees Fahrenheit) above absolute zero. The Pioneer 11 voyage also discovered radiation belts that are weaker than those of Jupiter. The radiation is absorbed by the rings and moons of Saturn. Cutoffs in the radiation data were used to infer the presence of additional rings and moons beyond those already known from visual observations (Pioneer 10, 11). Saturn has more moons than any other planet in the solar system. Nine (possibly ten) of these moons have been detected from Earth. Voyager 1s encounter to Saturn provided several new discoveries about Saturns moons. Six, tiny unnamed moons were photographed on this mission, some of them for the first time. Satellites 10 and 11 share the same orbit and must frequently undergo some orbital evasive actions to avoid colliding. Satellite 12 shares the orbit of the larger moon Dione. The shepherd Satellites13 and 14, on either side of the thin F-ring, may exert gravitatio...
