y population size in the United States. This analysis uses data originally from the Summary Tape Files of the U.S. Census. City is the unit of analysis. It refers to the central city only and not the surrounding suburbs.The first analysis will be primarily descriptive. It will focus on the transformation of the economy section of Figure 1. Industry variables are created to measure the economic situation of a city. They are designed to represent the changing economy of the U.S. from 1970 to 1990. Industry is divided into four categories: Manufacturing, low income service, high income service, and agriculture. Each represents the percentage of industries in that category. Manufacturing industries are industries in construction, manufacturing, and transportation, communication, or utilities. Low income service industries are industries in person services, retail trade, business services, and health services. In contrast, high income service industries include: wholesale trade; education services; finance, insurance, or real estate; public administration, and other professional services. Finally, agriculture industries are agricultural and mining industries. Agriculture industries are not included in the analysis because of their lack of importance in urban areas.Because the family represents a more primary unit than the household, families will be used in this study instead of households. The family is defined as "the entire group of (2 or more) persons in a household who are related by blood, marriages or adoption." In contrast, a household is defined as "all persons who occupy a housing unit [in separate living quarters]." (Shryock and Siegal 1976). Measures for percent married couple families and percent female-headed families with children under age 16 are included in the analysis. Percent female-headed is the dependent variable while percent married couple is only included in the descriptive statistics.Race is an important determinant...
