s can function separately or in combination to meet environmental demands such as problems finding and problem solving..(a constructivist perspective for teaching thinking- Irving e. Sigel -educational leadership-november-1984) هذه الفقرة تمت كتابتها حرفيا من المرجع المذكورOne major criticism of the early work in thinking is methodological. The method of the introspection is a very difficult one since the experimenter must rely on the subject’s self-report. It fits the requirements of science only if we assume that the data are the subjects’reports rather than the subjects’ experiences: the reports are observable for all to see and hear, but the experiences are not. The real problem is that these reports may not have much to do with the actual mental processes involved; that is, subjects may not be able to report on their own cognitive experiences accurately. Since the days of the early twentieth century, many clever methods have been developed to study thinking. In addition, the method of introspection has been ingeniously used and refined in recent work on computer stimulation in an attempt to program computers to behave the way humans do during problem solving.A second criticisim of the early work in thinking is theoretical. The associationist theory of the philosophers was inconsistent with some of the findings of the Wurzburg group, but the early psychologists proposed no real alternative and Selz’ theory was vague. The clash between the associationist theory and the pre-Gestalt work of Selz is still far from resolved, although many current theories such as information processing may be seen as compromises.Finally, we are left with the question of legitimacy. Although there is ...
