pecific sound was played. Next a monkey was placed in a room with a lever and a live television image of another monkey without a lever. The second monkey was exposed to the sound that indicated the shock, but had no lever to prevent it. Both animals were out of sight and earshot of one another. The animals were exposed to the sound and shock randomly and at different times. The results showed that the monkey with the lever pulled it more often when the receiver heard the sound. Miller concluded that the monkey with the lever was able to read the other monkeys facial expressions. This suggested that animals behave cooperatively. Did the monkey with the lever feel empathy for the other monkey? Was it able to feel what it would be like to be the other monkey, and feel its pain, joy, fear or suffering?In another experiment with monkeys, Jules Masserman trained a rhesus monkey to pull one of two chains to receive food after a brief flash of a blue or red light. One light presented the monkey with food while another light presented the monkey with food and a severe shock to another monkey. Most monkeys pulled the chain that delivered both the food and the shock far less often than the one that provided only food. Two of the fifteen monkeys even stopped pulling both chains for five to twelve days. It seemed as if the monkeys stopped eating to avoid injury to another. Perhaps the monkeys felt sorry for their unfortunate companions.What about just observing animals in the wild? It is very difficult to deny that animals enjoy themselves when playing. When dogs interact with each other they wag their tails and jump in the air whining and hollering. When elephants reunite they celebrate, flapping their ears and spin about while at the same time vocalize what is known as a greeting rumble. Animals partake in play that they seem to enjoy greatly, and there seems to be no other goal than to play. Studies in the field of chemistry ha...
