lable to the educated masses and text after text stipulated the novelty of its intellectual contents (p. 65). Books written by some of the best modern scholars were available, including works by: Galileo, Kepler, Boyle, Pascal, and Guericke. These insightful works were read by everyone from scientists to the clergy. One of the most highly recognized books was Bacons New Organon (which) was labeled as a novel method meant to replace the traditional organon (p. 65). The organon was a work by Aristotle representing the pre-modern time and its ideas. These books were being widely accepted and traditional stocks of knowledge, were widely said to be worthless (p. 65,66). Another way of information being communicated and discovered was through the use of experiments and individual experiences. Experiments were planned and conducted by individuals in a controlled environment, while experiences just occurred without an attempt at trying to discover knowledge. People and scientists were no longer content to believe that something happened or was correct just because someone else said. Scientists such as Johannes Hevelius and his wife (p. 70,71) who made his own observations with a telescope and sextant, were pioneers of the emerging society of intellectuals. Others such as Galileo, Descartes, Hobbes, and Pascal used this experience it yourself factor to base many of their writings. With those intellectuals using that experience idea, many experiments were taking place and inventions being created. For example, Pascal performed the hydrostatic experiment (p. 83) that would aid in the invention of Boyles air pump (p. 96, 97). This air pump shook the pillars of royalty who had advertised for the use of the experimental philosophy to encourage people to invent to further themselves and the royalty itself. Shapin, himself, believed these experiments were just trying to improve on nature the way it was. These processes of discovering, usi...
