and in Australia by James Harrison in 1855, and Dr. John Gorrie in Florida built an expanding air-cooling machine in 1844. In 1851 Dr. John Gorrie created the first commercial ice making machine to cool the air for his yellow fever patients. Soon thereafter, refrigeration and freezing became popular methods of preserving foods for transport or storage, and in place where natural ice was not available.Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, to lower its temperature. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a liquid to absorb heat. The liquid, or refrigerant used in a refrigerator evaporates at an extremely low temperature creating freezing temperatures inside the refrigerator. William Cullen at the University of Glasgow demonstrated the first known artificial refrigeration in 1748. However, he did not use his discovery for any practical purpose. In 1805, an American inventor, Oliver Evans, designed the first refrigerator machine. The development of mechanical refrigeration systems began in the early19th century and arose mainly from the needs of meat producers in the USA, South America, Australia and New Zealand, who were facing many difficulties in shipping their produce to their export markers in Europe. Many experimental systems were built in the 1830s, utilizing the cooling effect produced by the expansion of compressed air or carbon dioxide or by the evaporation of volatile fluids such as ammonia. The first meat freezing plant was built in Australia in 1861. This company had its own slaughterhouse, freezing plant and cold store and used ammonia compression freezing system.By 1870, ships were successfully transporting chilled beef (cooled to one or two degrees below freezing point) in insulated holds cooled by ice mixed with salt (a technique which lowers the freezing point of ice and hence the temperature) but this method could only be used on the relatively short trips from...
