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Links • Top 100 Term Paper Sites • Top 25 Essay Sites • Top 50 Essay Sites • Search 97,000 Papers @ DirectEssays.com • Search 101,000 Papers @ ExampleEssays.com • Search 90,000 Papers @ MegaEssays.com Free Essays • Term Paper Sites • Chuck III's Free Essays • Free College Essays • TermPaperSites.com • Free Essays • My Term Papers • Essay World • Planet Papers	Search Lots of Essays Back to Subjects - Science organic chemistry organic chemistry  carbon compounds are far more numerous and varied than compounds formed from other elements  there are millions of different carbon compounds  most are combinations with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, and the hologens  some general and physical properties of carbon atoms are :  non electrolytes, or very weak electrolytes  compounds made solely from carbon and hydrogen are generally non-polar and insoluble in water 23.2 Where do Carbon Compounds come from?  composed chiefly of carbon of carbon atoms, incorporated appreciable amounts of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur compounds into it’s structure  in which coal is heated in the absence of air, liberated many carbon compounds Coal tar was separated into 200 different carbon compounds  In order to maintain living conditions, organisms must synthesize numerous carbon-based molecules such as protein, fats, sugars, cellulose, etc.  Since all the sources of carbon compounds came from living organisms, chemistry of carbon was called organic chemistry.  For electrons available for bonding, electrons can be shared in four covalent bonds  Carbon atoms can be linked together to form chains of various lengths  Different arrangements of the same atoms result in different substances, each with unique chemical and physical identities  Carbon compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms  Organic compounds in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by other atoms are consider derivatives of hydrocarbons  Longest chain in a hydrocarbon molecule (e.g.)  Simple molecules are called straight –chain or unbranched hydrocarbons(eg)  more complex hydrocarbons may be composed of several carbon chains that cross, these are called branched hydrocarbons (eg)  hydrocarbons may contain all single bonds or combinations of single, double and triple bonds  saturated molecules cannot incorporate additional molecules into their structure, and entirely made up of single carbon-carbon bonds  hydrocarbons containing at least one double pr triple carbon- carbon bond are referred to as unsaturated Saturated unsaturated  Straight ( or branched) chain, saturated compound containing only single bonds, result from fractional distillation (table 23.1 pg. 676)  Relatively low boiling points because of the low degree of intermolecular attraction due to hydrocarbons being generally non-polar  Produced during anaerobic decomposition of organic substances  Major constituent of natural gas  Contains one carbon-carbon single bond and six carbon-hydrogen bonds  Differs from ethane by the presence of a unit made up of one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms -CH2-  Homologous series – series of compounds whose members by addition of -CH2- General formula : Cn H2n + 2  Current procedure for naming organic compounds is based on a set of rules formulated by the International Union Of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC)  Unbalanced alkanes are the simplest to name. They use Greek prefixes for the number of Carbons: pent, hex, hept, or oct, followed by the family endings “ane” (eg) heptane  For branched chains, the name of the smaller portion uses “yl” which replaces the “ane” ending.  (The branch is known as analkyl group).  structural isomers are compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures( arrangement) Eg. 2 methyl heptane 3 methyl heptane  short form to show the presence of two groups when there is more than one branch off of a carbon backbone  2,4 dimethylheptane Cracking- the process used to produce organic molecules containing double- bonded carbon atoms Alkenes series- consists of straight- or branched-chained hydrocarbons containing, at least one double carbon – carbon bond Note: the name of each alkene is similar to the alkane having the same number of carbon atoms, however the ending of the name is changed from –ane to –ene  since the location of the double bond will influence the chemical behavior of the alkene, its position needs to be identified.  Alkenes are more reactive than the corresponding alkanes  Ethene, C2 H4 is the simplest alkene:  Produced by certain plants or chemically [reduced  One of the most important organic compounds in the chemical industry  Contain a triple carbon-carbon bond  Little energy is required to break one bond of a triple carbon-carbon bond  Named by replacing the –ane ending of the parent alkane with the ending –yene  Location o the triple bond affects the properties of the compound  So it is identified by assigning it the lowest number of the carbon involved in the bond  Procedure for naming is same as other series  Simplest and most common” ethyne C2H2, more commonly known as acetylene  Important industrial hydrocarbon used in oxyacetylene torches for cutting and welding steel  Saturated hydrocarbon in form of a ring, including rings made of three, four, five or more carbon atoms  Named by using the prefix “cyclo” in front of the appropriate alkane name  these compounds are often represented by the geometric shape of the basic ring only:  three and four carbon ring structures tend to be less stable then their straight chain counterparts because there is a strain put on the bond angles  unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons are more reactive than their saturated or straight counterparts and some are unstable  most aromatic hydrocarbons have distinct fragrances  simplest of aromatics. All of these compounds have a basic structure of one or more rings made of six carbon atoms  carbon-carbon bond in benzene is unusual, somewhere in between single and double bonds  electrons are shared equally around the ring, said to be delocalized because they are not associated with any one carbon atom  Benzene ring is commonly drawn as follows:  the circle represents delocalized electrons of double bonds  serves as a reminder that the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are different from single or double bonds  before automobiles, refining occurred mostly to obtain kerosene or lamp oil, and some fuel oils  new methods were developed to refine petroleum in order to get more and better quality gasoline  Petroleum, in the form of crude oil,is a mixture of hydrocarbons that must be separated before being put to use. The main components are alkanes and cycoalkanes  Fractional distillation separates petroleum into groups of products whose condensation temperature fall into a specific range  Long chain alkanes are then subject to cracking in order to make better quality gasoline and important alkenes like ethene  the characteristics of organic molecules depend on their composition and their arrangment of atoms  any atom, group of atoms is organization of bonds that determines specific properties of a molecule are known as a functional group.  it is possible for a molecule to have more than one functional group.  In each structural formula, R- represents the rest of the molecule to which the structural group is attached  R may be a single carbon or a large hydrocarbon portion of the molecule  General characteristics and uses of groups:  Contain functional group “OH”, known as hydroxyl group, involved in hydrogen bonding( “ol” replaces “e” ending  Can have more than one hydroxyl group attached to alcohol molecules  Have an oxygen atom bonded with two hydrocarbon portions of the molecule  Non polar, no hydrogen bonding, low boiling points  Highly flammable, good solvent  both contain carbonyl function al groups:  chemical formula for aldehydes: RCHO  chemical formula for ketone: RCOR  Aldehydes are named by replacing the “e” ending to “al”  Ketones are named by replacing the “e” ending with “one”  Contain carboxly functional group COOHm which makes the molecules ploar  Weak acids due to the dissociation of the hydrogen atom from the carboxyl group  Named by the replacing “e” ending of the parent alkane with “oic” acid Eg. Ethanoic(acetic) acid vinegar  Produced from a reaction between organic acids and alcohols  Esterifications reversible dehydration reaction in which alcohol loses a hydrogen atom and the acid loses the “OH” part of it’s carboxyl group  posess distinctive aromas and flavors  organic compounds closely related to ammonia  amides produced when an amino or ammonia is treated with an organic acid  important group of biological compounds  contain a carbonyl group bonded to the nitrogen atom of an amino Bibliography: Word Count: 1518
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