y has been family centered. Several current studies employing a variety of methods have shown some promising effects.Intensive, home-based treatment programs such as Home Ties have demonstrated a degree of success. The data collected show that these treatment programs were able to significantly reduce the need for out-of-home placements both initially and after a twelve month period (Haapala &Kinney, 1988). This study examined participants who were already involved with the juvenile justice system however and therefore the need to incorporate these treatment strategies/modalities into early intervention/prevention programs becomes apparent (Shumaker, 1997). Parent training classes have also proven somewhat beneficial but there are still some systemic problems which inhibit their success (Shumaker, 1997). For instance, parents must be able to perceive some reward for participating in training programs. Additionally, programs must broaden their value and belief systems to include those of other religious, economic and political convictions as opposed to trying to impose democratic, middle class values on service recipients. Furthermore, new parent training regimens must focus on problem-specific curriculum to educate parents about contributing factors and warning signs.According to Lipsey, Wilson and Cothern (2000), there were several treatment modalities that demonstrated positive effects. This study observed consistent, positive effects among noninstitutionalized juvenile offenders through the employment of individual counseling, improvement of interpersonal skills (including problem solving, role taking and anger management), as well as the implementation of behavioral programs (established by court-ordered family therapy sessions). Consistent, positive effects were also observed in institutionalized juvenile offenders as a result of improvement in interpersonal skills and use of Teaching Family Homes (community-based residentia...
