services and how they secure the financial resources to pay for these services.In many industrialized countries, spending and taxation by the government form a large portion of the nation's total economic activity. For example, total government spending in the United States equals about 40 percent of the nation's gross domestic productthat is, the value of all the goods and services produced within the United States in one year. Governments provide public goodsgovernment-financed items and services such as roads, military forces, lighthouses, and street lights. Private citizens would not voluntarily pay for these services, and therefore businesses have no incentive to produce them. Public finance also enables governments to correct or offset undesirable side effects of a market economy. These side effects are called spillovers or externalties. For example, households and industries may generate pollution and release it into the environment without considering the adverse effect pollution has on others. If it costs less to pollute than not to, people and businesses have a financial incentive to continue polluting. Pollution is a spillover because it affects people who are not responsible for it. To correct a spillover, governments can encourage or restrict certain activities. For example, governments can sponsor recycling programs to encourage less pollution, pass laws that restrict pollution, or impose charges or taxes on activities that cause pollution.Public finance provides government programs that moderate the incomes of the wealthy and the poor. These programs include social security, welfare, and other social programs. For example, some elderly people or people with disabilities require financial assistance because they cannot work. Governments redistribute income by collecting taxes from their wealthier citizens to provide resources for their needy ones. The taxes fund programs that help support people with low incomes.Each year ...
