he mostly rigid instrument. b.It was a moderately high-risk procedure…c. and the inability to visualize the stomach and the entire esophagus or duodenum.C.In 1947, Uji and the Olympus Corporations of Japan invented a miniature intragastric camera and flash lighting to photograph various parts of the stomach according to preset camera positions. a.The gastrocamera was intubated blindly into the stomach and photographed without visual guidance. b.The stomach was only visualized after film development after the examination. VI. A succession of physicists began the process of developing a flberoptic gastroscope.A.Beginning with British Physicist, Tyndall who demonstrated that light would follow a curved path in water in 1870.B.Next, in 1927, Baird proposed that light could be transmitted through glass fibers.C. Then Lamm, a third year medical student at Munich Germany, reported the successful transmission of visual image via fiberoptic bundles, in 1930.D.In 1954, Hopkins and Kaperny constructed a meticulous bundle of insulated glass fibers that transmitted light or visual images through a nonlinear path. a.Their laboratory models were only a few inches long… b.and did not transmit light sufficiently for gastroscopic use.E.In 1957, Basil Hirschowitz found that many optical fibers needed to be arranged exactly in the same relative position at both ends of a fiber optic tube to transmit a high-resolution image without distortion.a.Hirschowitz, Curtiss and coworkers embedded thin optical glass fibers in a matrix, with low refractive index; i.the glass matrix served as an insulating coat for individual optical fiber to permit nearly total internal reflection of light waves around turns.b.With the help of American Cystosope Makers Inc. (ACMI) Hirschowitz added manual steering controls to devise a fully flexible fiber optic gastroscope. i.The production of the prototype gastroscope was made within 6 weeks.1.Hunter Hirschowitz tested th...
