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communical and chronic diseases

communical and chronic diseases Life skill #6 I will choose behaviors to reduce the risk of HIV infection. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the pathogen that destroys the body’s immune system allowing the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids) is a disorder of the human immune system in a person infected with HIV, characterized by severe breakdown of the immune system that leaves a person very susceptible to opportunistic infections. An opportunistic infection is an infection that would probably not have the opportunity to invade the body if a person’s immune system were healthy. Ų A virus is one of the smallest pathogens that can cause disease. Like other viruses, HIV cannot replicate by itself. However, when HIV enters a person’s body, it attaches to a part of the helper T cell, takes control of the helper T cell, and reproduces it’s genetic material in the helper T cell. The virus multiplies inside the helper T cell, causing an interruption in the signals for help in the form of antibodies. Ų The result of this is an unchecked spread of HIV and the eroding of the ability of the immune system to defend itself against other pathogens. Ų Most people have no symptoms when they are first infected. You must have a test to be sure you have HIV. Ų It could take as little as a few weeks to many years for any symptoms to appear. Ų Symptoms include fever, diarrhea, weight loss, tiredness, and enlarged lymph nodes. There are five ways of transmission of HIV. Ų Sexual Transmission: People who have open lesions and engage in sexual behavior are especially vulnerable to infection with HIV. The more sexual partners you have, the greater your risk. The only way to completely avoid sexual transmission is to abstain from sexual intercourse or to engage in sexual intercourse only with an uninfected partner who is committed to a monogamous relationship. Latex condoms have been shown to help reduce the risk of transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Ų Needle Transmission: Sharing needles to inject intravenous drugs if the most dangerous form of needle sharing. Even the needles used for tattooing and piercing ears. Ų Mother-to-baby Transmission: If a female is infected before or during pregnancy, her child has about a one in three chance of being born with the HIV infection. She can also pass it while giving birth or while breast-feeding. Ų Blood Transfusion: Because of blood screening there is little chance for infection through a blood transfusion. Also you cannot become infected from giving blood at a blood bank. Ų Organ Transplant: Although it has happened, it is very unlikely in this day and age because of new and improved testing procedures. Ų Through everyday contact with infected people at school, work, home, or anywhere else. Ų Touching clothes, phones, or toilet seats. It cannot be passed on by things like forks, cups, or other objects that someone has used. Ų From eating food prepared by a person with HIV Ų HIV is not transmitted by a mosquito bite. Ų It also cannot be transmitted though lice, flies, or any other insect. Ų You cannot transmit it from sweat or tears. Ų It also cannot be transmitted though a kiss, although scientists are not sure about deep, prolonged, or open mouth kissing. Ų The only way to know if you have HIV is to take an HIV-antibody blood test. The tests available to detect HIV infections are among the most accurate medical tests known. Two separate tests for HIV (called ELISA and Western blot), when used together, are correct more that 99.9% of the time. Ų The test looks for the antibodies made by the HIV. These antibodies usually show up in the blood within 3 months after infection. Everybody who is infected will show signs of these antibodies by 6 months. If you have one test taken and it comes back negative only after 3 months, you may want to have another test taken in 3 more months just to be sure that you have not contracted HIV. Progression of HIV Infection and Aids Ų Lymphadenopathy: The presence of swollen lymph glands throughout the body. A sore throat, skin rash, or fever may also be present. These signs and symptoms will disappear and the infected individual then becomes asymptomatic. The asymptomatic period may last for 10 or more years. Ų Wasting syndrome: an unexplained loss in body weight of more then ten percent of the total body weight. A person may also experience fevers and night sweats. Fever’s of 106 is not uncommon. Responsibility for preventing the spread of HIV Ų You must be able to choose responsible behavior by positive self-esteem, knowing the facts about HIV/AIDS. Identifying risk behaviors and risk situations, teaching resistance skills for HIV prevention, and encouraging honest communication within relationship. Life skill #7: I will obtain information about my family’s history of diseases. Ų Genes: special structures that transmit inherited characteristics. They also contain the code for the reproduction and development of body cells. Ų Genetics: is the scientific study of genes and how they determine and control development. Sometimes an individual inherits the genes for a specific genetic disease. Some genetics diseases are apparent at birth while others do not express themselves until later in life. Ų Muscular Dystrophy: a disease that is characterized by weakness due to deterioration of muscle fibers. Ų Hemophilia: a genetic disease characterized by the absence of a protein factor necessary for the clotting of blood. Ų Sickle-Cell Anemia: a disease that gets its name from the shape of the abnormal red blood cell. Ų Cystic Fibrosis: a genetic disease that affects the mucous and sweat glands. This is the most common genetic disease that affects the white American population in the United States. Ų Tay_sachs: a genetic disease caused by the absence of a key enzyme needed to break down fats in the body. Ų Down syndrome: is a genetic disease that is the result of an extra chromosome. Gathering Information about a family’s history of disease Ų Talk to your parents or other family members about information of diseases. The occurrence in one or more biological relatives of the following diseases, *Alcoholism, allergies, anemia, asthma, hay fever, blood disorders, cancer, diabetes, eating disorders, emphysema, epilepsy, hearing disorders, heart disease, high blood pressure, kidney disease, liver disease, lupus, mental illness, migraine headache, multiple sclerosis, obesity, osteoporosis, rheumatic fever, sickle-cell anemia, stroke, thyroid disease, ulcers, visual problems, inherited genetic disorders and other problems. Life Skill #8: I will choose behaviors to reduce my risk of cardiovascular disease. Ų Cardiovascular Disease: a group of diseases of the heart and blood vessels. It is the leading cause of death in the U.S. Ų Coronary heart disease: the broad term used to describe damage or malfunction of the heart cause by blockage of the coronary arteries. Ų Arteriosclerosis: several conditions that cause hardening and thickening of arteries. Ų Atherosclerosis: a form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substances are deposited on artery walls. Ų Anginapectoris: chest pain that results from narrowed blood vessels in the heart. Ų Myocardial Infarction: (heart attack) a condition that results in damage to the heart muscle because of interruption of blood flow. Ų Stroke: a break or block in a blood vessel in the brain. Each year, 1.5 million Americans have a heart attack and about 500,000 of these heart attack victims die. Three in five of these deaths occur before a heart attack victim reaches a hospital. About half of all heart attack victims wait more then two hours after the start of symptoms before getting help. There are four risk factors for heart disease that are not voluntarily controlled: Many risk factors for heat disease can be controlled, including: Ų Beta-blockers: drugs that can slow the heartbeat rate and reduce the force of the heart’s contraction. Ų Coronary bypass surgery: an operation in which a vein from another part of the body, often the leg, is grafted into a coronary artery so that blood is detoured around a blockage. Ų Balloon angioplastery: a procedure in which an artery is unclogged by catherterization. Life Skill #9: I will choose behaviors to reduce my risk of cancer Ų Cancer: a group of diseases in which there is uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells in the body. This is the second leading cause of death in the U.S. Ų Malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor. Ų Benign tumor: non-cancerous tumor. *Malignant melanoma: most serious of skin cancers. 7 early warning signs for cancer, they spell out the word caution. Ų Change in bowel or bladder habits. Ų Thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere Ų Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Mammogram: special x-rays of the breast. Ų Radiotherapy: treatment of cancer via the use of radiation. Ų Chemotherapy: use of drugs to kill cancer cells inside the body. Life Skill #10 I will recognize ways to manage chronic diseases. Ų Diabetes: a disease in which the body is unable to process the sugar in foods in normal ways. Ų Insulin-dependent diabetes: diabetes in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Ų Noninsulin-dependent diabetes: diabetes in which the pancreas produces some insulin, but the body cells are not able to properly use it. Ulcerative Colitis and Diverticulosis: Ų Ulcerative colitis: an inflammatory disease of the walls of the large intestine. Ų Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a condition in which a person experiences nausea, gas, pain, attacks of diarrhea, and cramps after eating certain foods. Ų Diverticulosis: a disease in which the intestinal walls develop outpouchings called diverticula. Ų Arthritis: a general term that includes over one hundred diseases, all in which involve inflammation. Ų Osteoarthritis: a wearing down of the moving parts of a joint. Ų Rheumatoid arthritis: a serious disease in which joint deformity and loss of joint function occurs. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a chronic disease of unknown cause that affects most of the systems in the body. Chronic fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a condition in which fatigue comes on suddenly and is relentless or relapsing, causing debilitating tiredness in someone who had no apparent reason for feeling this way. Bibliography:

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