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Ivan Pavlov contribution to psychology: discovering classical conditioning a process by which a dog in his lab learned to salivate at the sound of a bell. 3. Classical conditioning: the learning of a new response to a stimulus by pairing that stimulus with another stimulus that already elicits the response. 4. Reinforcement: the procedure by which the unconditioned stimulus is made contingent on the conditioned stimulus. Punishment: the process of decreasing the probability of a response by following it with an unpleasant stimulus. 5. The four major schedules of reinforcement: 1. Continuous Reinforcement: A schedule of reinforcement in which every response is followed by a reinforcer. 2. Partial Reinforcement: A condition in which a response is reinforced only some of the time. 3. Ratio Schedule: A Reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response that occurs after a certain number of responses. In a fixed a fixed ratio schedule, the number of responses required for a reward is always the same. In a variable ratio schedule, the number of responses required varies irreguraly around a specified average. 4. Interval Schedule: a reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response made after a given interval of time. In a fixed interval schedule, the interval is always the same. In variable interval schedule, the interval varies around a specified average. 6. Acquisition: In conditioning, the initial stage of learning in which the association between a stimulus and a response is established. Extinction: In classical conditioning, the weakening of the tendency of a conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Spontaneous Recovery: an increase in the tendency to perform an extinguished response after a time interval in which neither conditioned stimulus nor unconditioned stimulus nor unconditioned stimulus are presented. 7. Observational Learning: Cognitive learning that can occur simply by watching another persons behavior. 8. Cognitive Learning: The learning of new skills and facts through focused attention and observation. 9. 10. Memory: a psychological concept, a mental record of a past experiences that we carry around in our heads it is the ability to reproduce at some later time what we have experienced earlier. 11. The Basic Memory Processes: Encoding: the change from something physical to something mental creates mental representation of actual events. Storage: the retention of the mental representation for later use. Retrieval: the ability to access the mental representation that was encoded and stored. 12. The major levels of memory: Sensory memory: The brief lingering of a sensory impression that is experienced after a stimulus has been removed. Short-Term Memory: Memory for learned material over a brief retention interval. This is our hypothetical memory system for transient information. Long Term Memory: Those parts of the memory system that store vast amounts of information for such long periods of time that their limits are as yet undetermined. 13. Proactive interference: Interference with memory for certain information that is attributable to other information learned at an earlier time. Retroactive Interference: The interference with memory of certain information that is attributable to other information learned at a later time. 14. Primacy Effect: In learning the principle that information received first tends to be remembered better than later information which helps explain why first impressions are important. 15. Recency Effects: In freely recalling a learned list of items, the recall superiority of the items at the end of the list compared to those in the middle. 16. Flashbulb Memory: Vivid and detailed memories of unexpected and emotionally important events. 17. Regular memory is simple the mental representations of past experiences whereas flashbulb memories are vivid mental representation of emotionally charged events. 18. Eyewitness Testimony: not very accurate. 19. Asking leading question or misstating information about the situation can manipulate eyewitness testimony. 20. Mnemonics: Strategies for improving memory typically based on translating information into vivid imagery or providing meaningful framework for remembering it. 21. Recall: a method of measuring memory in which research participants are simply required to produce an item from memory. Recognition: a measure of memory in which a person is presented a stimulus and asked to identify whether it's the same as the one the person had previously encountered. Savings: a method of measuring memory in which research participants are asked to relearn old but seemingly forgotten information. The difference in time between relearning versus originally learning the information is the computed Bibliography: Word Count: 772
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