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baroque

baroque With the Roman Catholic Church was on a mission to eliminate the Protestant movement that was spreading through out Europe and many nations started to establish their dominance of wealth and power. Still the many great minds of the time didn’t stop from changing the face of Europe and impacted the face of politics, religion, architecture, and the arts. Five major countries France, England, Austria, Prussia, And Russia dominated the new face of politics in Europe. These were the five great military states of the time. The emergence of these states was due to the idea of power. The rulers these countries were fascinated with having all the state affairs go threw him. Louis the XIV was probably the most noted for this indulgence. In 1715 the five states were in a balance of power this accord lasted all the way till 1945 at the end of World War 2. World war was a term coined during the baroque era. This absolutist changed the way their country was run. The first thing they did was separate the churches form the state as a way of controlling more power. They next implemented many new institutions and reformed old ones. Positions once occupied by great lords were now occupied by college educated middle class men. This is when the feudal nobility began to parish. The absolutist also started national embassies where highly trusted officials looked after foreign policy to try to keep the other greater countries in check. The military was now funded by government revenue. The state of military action was also improved upon. A better breed of horses and the bayonet made the armies more efficient. The business was also changed. Mercantilism was implemented. The mission of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Protestant reformation started by Luther dominated the religious scene during the baroque era. The thirty years war, which actually consisted of four separate wars, dominated the first part of the seventeenth century. This war was the last great continental struggle between the the Roman Catholics and the Protestants. The Treaty of Westphalia established religious orientation throughout Europe. One of my favorite things that came from the Baroque era was the architecture. Buildings of the period were composed of great curving forms with undulating facades, ground plans of unprecedented size and complexity, and domes of various shapes, as in the churches of Francesco Borromini, Guarino Guarini, and Balthasar Neumann. Many works of baroque architecture were executed on a colossal scale, incorporating aspects of urban planning and landscape architecture. This is most clearly seen in Bernini’s elliptical piazza in front of St. Peter’s in Rome, or in the gardens, fountains, and palace at Versailles, designed by Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, and André Le Nôtre. With the size and grandeur of the buildings, and the use of the surroundings, landscape, made the Baroque era one of the most revisited forms of architecture used today. The last form of the Baroque era that will be visited is the fine arts. Painters and sculptors built and expanded on the naturalistic tradition established during the Renaissance. Many different type of art was used such as religious painting, history painting, allegories, and portraits were still considered the most used. Caravaggio and his early followers were especially significant for their naturalistic treatment of ordinary people not just the royalty. The illison of deep space interested many painters, including Il Guercino and Andrea Pozzo. Other baroque painters opened up interior spaces by representing long files of rooms, often with extended views through doors, windows, or mirrors, as in the works of Diego Velázquez and Vermeer. Color was manipulated for its emotional effects, ranging from the clear calm tones of to the warm and shimmering colors to the more vivid hues all used to give the painting the sense as if they were alive with emotion.. A heightened sense of drama was achieved through the works of Caravaggio and Rembrandt depicted religious ecstasy, physical sensuality, or individual psychology in their paintings. All of the effects of this era of painting can be depicted in the painting by Diego Vela`zquez Les Meninas where the colors create a drama, ordinary people were used including himself, the painting extends throughout hallways and is reflected in a mirror, and is very humanistic. Baroque sculptors combined different materials within a single work and often used one material to accent another. One of the great masterpieces of baroque sculpture, Giovanni Bernini’s St. Theresa from the Cornaro Chapel, for example, to an ecstatic vision on a dull marble cloud in an alabaster and marble niche in which bronze rays descend from a hidden source of light. Many works of Baroque sculpture are set within elaborate architectural settings, and they often seem to be expanding out of their assigned niches or floating upward toward heaven. In music a style prevailed from the last decades of the sixteenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century. The beginnings were in the late sixteenth century revolt against polyphony that gave rise to the accompanied to opera. With opera came the figured bass, used in ensemble music throughout the baroque era. Renaissance polyphony persisted, and considered more appropriate to the church than the opera. The baroque period was one of a controversy of styles. Originating in Italy, opera, oratorio, and cantata were the principal vocal forms. In instrumental music the sonata, concerto, and overture were creations of the baroque. In France and Italy the baroque by 1725 been overshadowed by its outgrowth, and it remained for Germany, where the baroque saw the expansion of Protestant church music. The Baroque era of music can be defined in one composers work Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach was a devout Lutheran who started writing music for the church. The passion of his music stands out, and makes him one of the greatest composers of all time. As illustrated the Baroque was a revolutionary step that has persevered throughout centuries. From the absolutists ideas of the Sun King Louis XIV to the musical style of Bach, this age of grandeur will still stand out for centuries to come. Bibliography:

Word Count: 1042