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Language plays a big part in this play in the quick changes of pace mood characterisation of the play and strengthens both its comedy and its tragedy. *Simple funny mispronunciations by Captain Jack Boyle bring comedy to the play. *Maisie Madigan uses casual lyricism's. *Mrs Tancred’s bitter balanced elegy for her son, all against a general background of quick-witted, idiomatic repartee, full of imagery and fantasy. *The characters manipulate their own speech for effect; Captain Boyle ‘s call for his drink, ‘a wet-a jar-a boul!’ *Boyle himself explains that he knows the correct form, but the wrong one sounds better in his story. -’It blowed an it blowed-blew is the right word ’Joxer but blowed is what the sailors use.This conscious choice of words is evident in the use of catchphrases like Joxer’s ‘a darlin’ buk, a daarlin’ buk’ this is like his personal ‘signature tune’, or slogan.*Joxer has his phrases but Boyles individual flavour comes from his mispronunciations caused by his failure to grasp words properly, like ‘Chassis’ ,’dockyments’, or ‘pereeogative’. *Practically ever speech in this play contains examples of Dublin dialect mispronunciation. Typical samples include vowel sounds distorted and spelt phonetically: -wan, wance, at wanst (one, once, at once) -at our ayse, ayther, tay (at our ease, either, tea) -oul’, houl’ (old, hold ) -misundherstand, dhrink, afther, thrap, wather. *Repetition is used by the speakers, often for emphasis, or as a substitute for articulate development of a statement. It is used particularly at times of stress, and for comic effects either in exaggeration or in quick repartee. e.g - ‘I wont hole me tongue, I wont hole me tongue’ - ‘let me alone, let me alone, let me alone.’ - ‘I dont believe it , I dont believe it, I dont believe it.’ Exploration of Historical, social and cultural elements of Juno and the Paycock. *Since 1800 (the year of the Act of Union with Great Britain with no independent parliament of her own, but with members elected to the British Parliament. For some time this parliamentary party (until 1891 led by Charles Stewart Parnell) had been agitating for Home Rule for Ireland-that is, the power of governing herself within the British Empire. Not all Irish people agreed with this aim-some ‘nationalists’ , wanted total independence and an Irish republic. Others, ‘unionists’, wished to continue the union with Great Britain. Irish nationalists were of two kinds-nationalists pure and simple who wanted an independent Ireland, and those who were more aligned with the Labour movement. Starting from an Irish interest, O’Casey became drawn more to world socialism than to Irish nationalism, though at that time both forces were working together for revolution in Ireland. After a truce and negotiations in 1921, a treaty was signed giving Southern Ireland the status of a domination with restricted self-government, to be named the Irish free state. Some Irish saw this as a respite from war; others, the entrenched or ‘die-hard’ Republicans, saw it as a debasing compromise and determined to overthrow it. They as ‘irregular’ forces, now fought not the British, who had gone away, but the legitimate Irish forces, in a bitter, bloody civil war. This guerrilla war, which did not come to an end until 1923, is the setting of ‘Juno and the Paycock’. * Dublin 1922 ....in the words of James Connolly, it was ‘infamous for the perfectly hellish conditions under which its people are housed’ * Dubliners in 1922 were said to have had ‘a minute vermin-like life. * 2200 people lived in houses registered unfit to live in around 1922. * Dublin had chronic unemployment after the Easter rising. *in Dublin disease such as TB and Cholera were vast and killed many, especially in the tenement houses. The exploration of the plot and subplots in Juno and the Paycock The play is set during the Irish revolution of 1922 and deals with the suffering caused by the civil war between the rebels and the government. The rebel side wanted an Ireland completely free from the British while the British gave the country limited independence. The Brits would retain control over the six counties in the North. The plot centre's on the Boyle family of Dublin during those troubled times. It's a story of a poor Dublin family caught up in the struggle for independence, A principle theme in Juno and the Paycock is the futility and waste of the civil war, and its failure to improve the life of the ordinary Irishman. * Johnny’s plot in act one is one of mounting tension. There are examples of growing nervousness and the audience can see how successive interruptions add to the tension. In act 2 Johnny’s story reaches a psychological climax in the revelation of his guilt through his vision of the dead Tancred, and a material climax when the mobilizer connects him with the army and with Tancred’s death. In act 3 this plot reaches its inevitable conclusion when Johnny is taken away to be killed for betraying his comrade. * Mary’s plot shows her with Jerry in act 1, though their relationship has ended .In act 2 she is engaged to marry Bentham, and in act 3 Mary is rejected for her pregnancy by everyone except her mother. Jerry’s rejection of her after his protestations of love is the climax of Mary,s plot. *The plot of the ‘will’ is introduced at the end of act one, in act 2 the Boyles’ anticipation of the money displays their spendthrift vulgarity (the thought of being rich affects each character. In act 3 the will is declared invalid, leaving the Boyles worse off than they were before due to their money lending. The subplots all intersect with each other, Captain Boyle’s callous attitude to Mary’s pregnancy provokes Juno’s threat to leave. Johnny’s death precipitates her realisation that her husband is useless and that she must leave him. The will eases their relationship, but its failure bars anyescape for Johnny or for Mary. Bentham is the instrument of the will, of its failure, and of Mary’s downfall. Exploration of the form and structure of Juno and the Paycock Juno and the Paycock is a Tragi-comedy and has a simple three-act structure, with no divisions into scenes. The four linked plots follow this structure, each act marking a well defined stage in each subplot story. Exploration notes on the visual, aural and spatial elements of Juno and the Paycock *O’Casey uses Dublin speech, fragments of verse and song, rhetoric and biblical language blended together to form a natural-sounding yet dramatic language.look at ‘Language) *for the actor to portray his character realistically he has to use O’caseys dialect with a Dublin accent. *At the beginning of the play to set the scene sounds of a tenement building in 1922 are reconstructed. a tape is played of children playing and crying, people yelling and screaming and the creeks of floor boards of the rooms above and beside. * there are sound effects used for the footsteps of the men coming to get Johnny up the stairs. * look at the diagram of the setting * look at the diagram of the setting *the play is set in 1922 in a room in a tenement building in Dublin. to give this effect the wall paper on the 2 flats used was pealing off, and it was covered in brown to show the dampness coming threw. * the votive candle and the picture of the virgin Mary show the audience that this is a catholic home. *the lighting is set to a blue gel to set the atmosphere of a really cold building.(it was so cold due to the high ceilings and the lack of money to get fuel to heat the rooms.) * There is a shelf of books, this shows Mary's reading capability. Mary wants out of her families situation she wants into a higher class and out of poverty. * The Messenger news paper on the table shows the audience that this is a Christian home. * The drink on the top of the cupboard is tells the viewer that someone in the household likes to drink. visual effects in the Boyle house tell the audience so much about the people who live there even before any of the characters come on stage. * Religion in Ireland was a very important thing. Juno and her family are Catholic. *In Dublin there was a culture were the division between Catholics and Protestant was very marked, both socially and in matters of faith and methods of worship. * Having sex before marriage was a sin in the eyes of Catholics (Christians) so Marry was seen as a fallen woman in her culture. * Religion means different things to each character in this play. To Johnny its an unavailing protection against guilt, to Mary its an empty promise.To Juno it originally means ritual and help, though she is finally forced to the humanist query ‘what can god agen the stupidity o’ men?’. Jerry is ‘all man an’ no God’. Jack is too laisy to follow religion so he just tries to ignore it. people would say ‘ Jesus Christ ‘ and ‘oh God’ but it was every day speech, it was not blasphemous. * Practising Catholics believe in the power of prayer, Mass. *drinking is a large Irish cultural thing, the Irish love a drink. * The Irish love words, they love to learn new words and use them, they love the sound of words and like to put them into practice even if they are not sure as to what it means. *Joxer talks in riddles, riddles are a very Irish. * on the table in the room there is a copy of ‘The Messenger’, this is a Christian paper, read by many people in Ireland. * Culture would have been brought through in the Dublin accent and the crucifix, virgin Mary and the votive light on the wall in Juno’s room. The drinks on the table and the Messenger also show flavour of the Irish culture. *five functions of religion in the play are, social, political, spiritual, linguistic and symbolic. *Father Farrell is sneeringly represented by Joxer as Captain Boyle’s ever grinning ‘guardian angel’, ready to shake hands with him only when he is rich. *Mary would have socially been looked down apon by people, having an illegitimate child, having sex out of wedlock, this was seen as a great sin, and Mary would now have been labelled as a fallen woman, and no man in Ireland would want a fallen woman in 1922, in England she could have found love but she couldn't escape to England. *In Ireland the men were in charge they were the main authority but as we see in Juno and the Paycock, Juno does all the work, she works as a cleaner while Jack stays at home drinking away money that he isn't even earning. *Bentham would have been of greater social status first as a school teacher then as solicitor.socially he would have been upper-middle class were as the Boyle’s would have been lower, working class, even though only one person in the family worked, (Juno). Bibliography: Juno and the Paycock script Word Count: 1963
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