on methods. The first one to be discussed is also the most common. This method is judicial waiver. Recently, states have begun to integrate the age of criminal responsibility with jurisdiction of juvenile courts, for example, some states grant jurisdiction to a particular age, usually between fifteen and sixteen while from ages sixteen to eighteen (sometimes twenty-one) juvenile judges can transfer or certify these cases to the adult criminal courts (Samah 1993: 295). An example of jurisdictional waiver in which the U.S. Supreme Courts imposed strict guidelines of judicial waive decisions for judges was Kent v. United States in 1966. In this landmark case, the offender was charged with an offense which would amount to a felony in the case of an adult, however, transfer to an adult criminal court requires complete investigation. In this case, the juvenile court judge held no hearing, nor did he confer with the petitioner. The trial was sent to the criminal court and the child was convicted and sentenced to thirty to ninety years in prison (Don and Gewerth, 310-311). The second transfer method is known as legislative waiver. These waivers work by excluding juveniles charged with certain crimes from the jurisdiction of the juvenile courts. This defines certain categories of young offenders "defined out" of the juveniles courts and they are statutorily declared adults (Dorn and Gewerth, 323). The Constitution is an enduring document which is responsible for upholding important government statutes like judiciary and legislative waivers. The Constitution makes it possible to punish violent juvenile offenders who do not respond to rehabilitation efforts. A case in which legislative waiver was implemented was United States v. Bland in 1972. The child was charged with armed robbery, one of the legislative classifications which calls for transfer to adult criminal courts (Dorn and Gewerth, 324). Finally, There is the method of prosecutorial waive...
