A sample of 50 senior manufacturing project engineers and manufacturing managers were selected from among the population of aircraft manufacturing industry project engineers and manufacturing managers located in the Los Angeles, California area. Completed and usable questionnaire were returned by 44 of the 50 individuals selected. The response rate was 88 percent.

The suggested organizationallybased management development program for especially designed for young, inexperienced engineers was evaluated in relation to the alternative approach, which was no organizationallybased program. The evaluation results are presented in Table 3.1, which may be found on the following page.

As the data presented in Table 3.1 indicate, 88.6 percent of the respondents rated the suggested program as either

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Suggested Program, Compared with No OrganizationallyBased Program, Was:

Highly Somewhat Not

Effective Effective Effective Total 

Critical value : 5.991

Developments in participative management techniques have lead to a greater emphasis on a relationships orientation for managers, as opposed to the more traditional task orientation. The most successful organizational leaders, however, are those who are able to combine task orientation and relationships orientation characteristics in an optimal manner, consistent with the characteristicsand goals of their organizations. The literature also revealed relevant facts for the study purpose with respect to the manufacturing environment. Since 30the early to mid1970s, a dynamic transition from the industrial age to some new and different type of industrial/societal organization has been in progress. Some theorists and observers believe that this transition is between an industrial society and a postindustrial society.