The comments that close paragraph 5 cite the riot's effect on businesses, hence job prospects, in the inner city. That is an example of pathos, since the devastation of the community and its people strikes an emotional chord.

Both ethos and pathos appear in paragraph 8, in which the principal explains, "I have a lot of Olivia's [sic]." Rimer describes the 200-plus college-bound students attending the inner-city public school. The serious character of so many of the students resonates with ethos, and that fact in turn raises the emotional confidence in the environment and people who are the subjects of the story. That entire beat of ethos is recapitulated in paragraph 9, which cites the gang stereotype, along with gang statistics, vis-à-vis the invisible young people of South-Central "like Olivia Miles" (Rimer 80).

Beginning in paragraph 10, Rimer employs ethos with details about college-bound Olivia is as normal as other American teenagers--embedded in pop culture and set to go to college with her high-achieving boyfriend. Pathos comes into play with a description of the fearful physical danger and social stigma that shape normal South-Central residents' experience. Patho

The assertion that anyone who studies homosexuality "knows" the difference between out-of-control sexuality of gays and in-control sexuality of straights is an ad hominem attack, an ad populum argument, and an exercise in poisoning the well. It relies on the "flaming" stereotype of gays and does not prove that studiers of homosexuality have special authority. Most important, it wrongly asserts that heterosexuals exercise sexual control. News reports supply abundant evidence--from Tailhook to the Air Force Academy to the Pentagon itself--that male-on-female sexual harassment is virtually de rigueur in military contexts and has weakened the reputation of the military. The writer misleads by gross misstatement of who the out-of-control actors in today's military really are.

s is amplified in the paragraph following, in which Rimer refers to Olivia's "plaintive" tone about of South-Central's reputation for the riot instead of for residents' achievements (81).

Warrant tying evidence to subclaim: There are abundant examples of blacks in the position of helping whites, not truly coexisting with them.

The effectiveness of the speech stems not only from the application of rhetorical devices but also from its diction, which demonstrates that "a word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of silver" (Prov. 25.11). He liberally uses metaphor--for example the banking/finance references in the early part of the speech. More important, he employs the vocabulary of the Christian witness, abundantly quoting or paraphrasing the bible, which has the effect of associating his claims with a moral imperative and calling the American majority to conscience. Undoubtedly the speech was effective in a strict sense; the 1964 Civil Rights Act might not have been passed had it not been given in 1963.

Asserting the effeminate n