Karl Kautsky & Benito Mussolini
Kautsky fell into the margins of international socialism because nationalist interests in World War I split socialists into factions and because of the success of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, of which he was suspicious because of his personal dislike of Lenin and because Lenin installed himself as dictator (Morgan, 1989). Kautsky retreated from the Marxist revolutionary stance, specifically refusing to join the United German Communist Party, which supported Bolshevism's concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Marcuse classifies Kautsky as a revisionist Marxist not only for that reason but also because of the related view he developed that "social laws are 'natural' laws that guarantee the inevitable development toward socialism. . . . The critical Marxist theory the revisionists thus tested by the standards of positivist sociology and transformed into natural science" (Marcuse, 1969, p. 400). Kautsky appears to have been disappointed not only by what he ultimately regarded as the excesses of Bolshevism, and in particular the dictatorship of Lenin (Donald, 1993), but also by the dramatic turn to the right in Austria and Germany after the collapse of the Weimar Republic. In 1938, at the time of the German-Austrian Anschluss, Kautsky left Vienna for Holland, where he died that same year.

Mussolini is far better known as Il Duce, the fascist dictator who came to power in Italy in 1922, than as an ideological theorist. But

 

Carnoy, M. (1984). The State and Political Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Marx, K. (1906). Capital. Trans. S. Moore, E. Aveling, & E. Untermann. 3 vols. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Co.

The alienation of labor and capital, which is control of labor by capital, leads to the logical induction of revolutionary implies the contradiction doctrine: "Division of labour..... implies the contradiction between the interest of the separate individual family and the communal interest of all individuals who have intercourse with one another (Marx, 1978, p. 160). The struggle is bound up with oppression. If the ruling class controls the working class, and if the working class is in permanent struggle, then the society is always changing, moving toward revolution, which is the outcome of the struggle. Ineluctably, revolution implies a progressive quashing of class warfare, which in turn perforce implies the victory of the dictatorship of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie and aristocracy alike.

Visser, R. (1992, January). Fascist doctrine and the cult of the Romanita. Journal of Contemporary History, 27, 5-23. Wiskemann, E. (1969). Fascism in Italy: its development and influence. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Marxism takes the view that labor is a subsidiary function of capital, and the social relations of production determine value exchange. Actual labor, or use or exchange value, is essential to the production of capital, as well as to the basic livelihood of the worker. But labor will never be a simple expression of value exchange in the capitalist system. The psychology and power of class relationships affect the determination of labor's value, and capital makes the determination. Capitalism is therefore exploitative, and an appeal for its destruction becomes apparent once he explains his position that labor has a dual character in actual exchange/use value and surplus value.

Harper Collins Publishers Inc. 288-97.

Ball, T.

 
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    Marxism Carnoy | Whereas Kautsky | Marxist Europe | Ministry Interior | Enciclopedia Italiana | Benito Mussolini | War II | World War | Communist Party | Ball Dagger | world war | kautsky 1971 | donald 1993 | ball dagger | class struggle | mussolini 1991 | karl kautsky | doctrine fascism | wiskemann 1969 | socialist transformation | york ww norton | ball dagger 1991 | ww norton company | alienation labor capital | wiskemann 1969 23 |  
   
 
 
 
   
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