an traders and warriors."Portuguese colonial policies toward civil administration were first formulated in Mozambique, where in the 1890s Antonio Enes, former minister of the colonies, advocated close control and full use of African labor, administrative reorganization, and colonization schemes" (Collelo 20). Then between 1907 and 1910, Paiva Couceiro, a former colleague of Enes, became governor general over the colonies. He decided that military officers were needed to bring the colonies under European control. During this time, new towns sprang up and the construction of roads became a little more advanced; other advancements included the Benguela Railway and the Diamond Company of Angola. "The Portuguese, however, were generally unable to provide Angola with adequate development capital or with settlers. Trade had fallen off sharply when the rubber boom ended just before World War I, and the war itself produced only a brief revival of foreign trade. At the end of what is commonly referred to as Portugal's republican era, the finances of the colony were in serious difficulty" (Collelo 21).After the end of the republic, a new one-party system was introduced in Portugal which led to many changes in Angola. One of the most important changes that occurred was the Colonial Act of 1930. This act brought to Angola new "economic policies" that were now being used in Portugal. Portugal soon renamed African towns after Portuguese heroes and even replaced the old currency with their own. However, in the 1940s and 1950s, Africans began to create new nationalist groups which included the Popular Liberation Movement of Angola (MLPA), the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), and the National Union for the Independence of Angola (UNITA). Each of these nationalistic groups claimed to represent the entire population of Angola which, before long, created conflicts between the three concerning politics, competition, and foreign ...
