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Party Sysytems in Latin America

from 3.9 to 5.7. This indicates other factors are influencing the outcome, like proportional representation. From 1945-1950, Brazil held congressional and presidential elections concurrently and elected the president by a plurality. Holding to Mainwaring and Shugart's hypothesis, Brazil had only 2.71 effective parties. Uruguay has a low level of effect parties. Mainwaring and Shugart's hypothesis is partly incorrect about Uruguay in respect to the district magnitude. Brazil's district magnitude ranges from 1 to 9.3. Uruguay's district magnitude is 99-almost the whole country. According to Mainwaring and Shugart's hypothesis, countries with a high district magnitude should have a high number of effective parties because they are likely to use proportional representation. Uruguay has only 2.6 effective parties. This is explained by the electoral cycle with is concurrent for congress and elects the president by plurality. Other factors, like party discipline explained later, play role. Argentina, like Uruguay, has a low number of effective parties. According o Mainwaring and Shugart's Chapter 11 table 11.2 the average number of effective parties in the Lower House is 2.62. The average in the upper house is not available. Argentina has recently changed the nature of the electoral system. The congress is elected nonconcurrently and the president is elected by majority run-off. This change may cause a fractionalization of the parties. Early signs of fractionalization are evident in the current election. A group of three parties: the UCR, the FREPASO, the FPS, are forming and alliance against the traditionally dominate PJ. The coalition may not last beyond he election. Party Discipline Party discipline is defined by Mainwaring and Shugart as "the extent to which presidents can rely on party leaders to deliver the vote of their party or, conversely, the extent to which presidents need to secure the support of individu...

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