oss and eventually tooth loss. Smoking also increases the risk of periodontal disease. Tooth loss makes it difficult to chew food and thus may discourage proper nutrition. Teeth that come out as a result of periodontal disease cannot be replaced. Because periodontal disease damages the gums, dentures will not be able to fit properly, and again this will discourage proper dietary habits. It is very important to maintain good dental hygiene at home by brushing and flossing daily and to have regular dental checkups at least every six months. Diabetes may cause similar changes in the blood vessels of the kidneys. This condition, called diabetic nephropathy, may lead to kidney failure. The nerves may also be affected by diabetes. This complication, known as diabetic neuropathy, can result in loss of felling or abnormal sensations in different parts of the body. Various treatments can control many cases of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes can also lead to atherosclerosis, a form of arteriosclerosis, hardening of the arteries, that may cause a stroke, heart failure, or gangrene. Diabetic neuropathy can occur with long-term diabetes, usually after several years of uncontrolled high blood glucose. Glucose proteins, called glycoproteins, form in the nerves, primarily those of the leg and feet. When the nerves in the feet are damaged, the brain can not recognize pain in that area. Nerve damage from diabetic neuropathy can lead to weakness in the muscles of the leg and feet. Because there muscles work as a system, neuropathy can lead to other foot problems, such as hammer toes, calluses, bunions, and other foot deformities. These deformities are dangerous because of their risk of infection. A simple blister from tight shoes can spell disaster for diabetics. When diabetes is out of control (the blood glucose is consistently high) the risk of infection is always present. A foot infection can begin after a ...
