s were all appointed by the central government and were responsible to it. Developing nationsLess-developed countries have had to face the opposite problem with their civil services. Few of the colonial powers had trained indigenous administrators sufficiently. The British left a viable administrative structure in India and a partly Indianized civil service, but the newly independent Pakistan had few experienced civil servants. The lack of qualified personnel sometimes led to: Reduction in efficiency in the civil service Decline in administrative morality Nepotism Tribalism Corruption The incapacity of the civil service was a factor leading to military rule, as were the political failings of the elected leaders. Military regimes have frequently been the last resort of a country where the civil power has failed to cope with the problems of independence. Consequently, the United Nations (UN), in conjunction with the governments of advanced countries, began to develop training programs for civil servants from underdeveloped countries. The classical definition The study and practice of public administration has been essentially pragmatic and normative rather than theoretical and value free. A prominent principle of public administration has been: Economy and Efficiency, i.e. the provision of public services at the minimum cost. This has usually been the stated objective of administrative reform. Efficiency continues to be a major goal, despite growing concern about other kinds of values, such as: Responsiveness to public needs Justice and equal treatment Citizen involvement in government decisionsIn its concern with efficiency and improvement, public administration has focused frequently on questions of formal organization. It is generally held that administrative ills can be at least partly corrected by reorganization. Many organizational principles originated with the military, a few from private business. They include, for example: O...
