ilemma?-Education is one credential representing employee potential under imperfect information.-Marxists argue that employers are motivated by a need to control the work force and use schooling to determine whether workers' values and traits are appropriate for the organizational control system in place.-Kanter's idea of ''homosocial reproduction'' - similarities wrt sex, race, social background and family status indicate whether someone can be trusted and whether communication with him/her will be easy. Organizational Career Stages-Early career attainments are likely to reflect individuals' success in exploiting their ascribed and achieved attributes to pass initial ''tests.'' -Organization success is determined largely by one's immediate supervisor.-Later, familial attachments constrain workers' achievements, particularly among women.-Family commitments, habituation, and the aging process increase the attractiveness of extrinsic rewards and job security.-Organization success is now defined more in terms specific to one's organization, profession, community, or other restricted reference group. Interdependence of Workers' Career Outcomes-The way specific attributes are evaluated depends on the demographic fit between an individual and the relevant organizational elites.-Positions are clustered technically and administratively.-Workplace norms promote social comparison.-Wages are generally tied to ''key'' jobs, and thus other workers' salaries depend on the individuals serving in the ''key'' jobs.-Granovetter's ''historical'' and ''structural embeddedness'' - career is constrained by how people have previously evaluated the worker and other relevant workers. Also, an individual's career cannot be predicted or understood apart from his or her relations with co-workers, collaborators, supervisors, and others. SUMMARY-In abandoning the status attainment and human capital approaches, researchers have acknowledged that not all organizations...
