ection that Fredrick placed around Luther. Meanwhile, in Luther’s debates with papal opponents sent to silence him, he was gradually drawn more deeply into a position more defiant of Rome. By 1520, Luther’s defiance of Rome was total. To Luther, Rome was the anti-Christ. At the end of that year he was in full religious rebellion against Rome. Luther, now excommunicated but still under the protection of Fredrick and widely popular in Germany, was called by the Emperor to an imperial council at Worms to give account of his views. Here Luther stood firm in his views against Roman church. Under an Imperial guarantee of his freedom, Luther was able to get away form the council before the guarantee was retracted. Martin Luther believed in Universal education (elementary education). Every Boy and girl should learn to read and write. Superstition was another abuse of the church so to get rid of superstition they must learn to read. Before the church taught them mainly how to get to heaven, now they had to learn how to live in the real world. In the meantime in France, John Calvin (1509 to 1564), as a young jurist was trying to convince the French king, Francis 1st, to give sympathy to the reform movement. In 1536 he published his Institutes of the Christian Religion. This not only failed to convince the king but also identified Calvin as a voice of religious dissent, not tolerated in France. Calvin was forced to flee France. He went to Geneva, Switzerland, the protestant reformer Farel prevailed upon Calvin to stay in the city and help him with the reform movement. For Calvin this proved to be a stormy proposition. Calvin was a man of order and this was an unruly city. He gained many enemies in this city because of his guidelines and discipline. In spring 1538 Calvin and Farel were banished from Geneva, but in 1541, the group parisan to Calvin urgently requested his return to Geneva. He returned on his terms....
