manufacturing industries while gaining service industries (e.g. finance and real estate). In contrast, Southern and Western or sunbelt cities typically experienced gains in both types of industries. These shifts in industry continued into the 1980's. As a result the types of jobs available in cities (especially in the Northeast and Midwest) began to shift away from low skilled, well paying manufacturing jobs to service jobs which were either low skilled, low paying or high skilled, high paying. In other words, as the traditional manufacturing base in many Northeast and Midwest cities began to erode, the employment opportunities in these areas started to shift. Consequently, to obtain better paying jobs, training and education beyond high school grew in importance. Thus, what has evolved is a mismatch between types of jobs and the skills of the persons available in cities - better known as the spatial mismatch theory. According to the spatial mismatch theory (Kasarda 1985, 1990), two major changes in the U.S. occurred that led to massive economic dislocation of low skilled workers with low educations in central cities. The first change is related to the transforming economy in urban areas of the Northeast and Midwest in the 1970's and 1980's. The economy changed from a manufacturing/ industry based economy to a high tech/service sector based economy. In the manufacturing economy many low skilled jobs with sufficient income were readily available. Thus, a worker did not have to have any education beyond a high school diploma (if that) to easily support a family. But, with the movement of many manufacturing industries to the suburbs, the American South and West, and to less developed countries, urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest lost many low skilled jobs that paid an adequate wage. Subsequently, as previously mentioned, two types of jobs were created. The first type created were high wage jobs in high tech fields such as insurance,...
