e that can never be duplicated in a computer. In the words of Hilary Putnam, a professor at Harvard University: "The question that won't go away is how much what we call intelligence presupposes the rest of human nature." M. Mitchell Waldrop agrees that there is something special about human consciousness. According to Waldrop, "the essence of humanity isn't reason, logic, or any of the other things that computers can do; it's intuition, sensuality, and emotion." This perspective is known as the holistic point of view because its proponents believe that the human brain is not simply a device for information processing. Rather, it is believed that there is something more to the mind - an intuitive or spiritual side. According to this point of view, the differences between computers and humans cannot be fully understood unless the entirety of human experience is taken into consideration. One of the first researchers to advocate this point of view was Hubert Dreyfus, author of a book entitled What Computers Can't Do. Later, Hubert Dreyfus wrote more books and articles on the topic with the assistance of his brother Stuart. The Dreyfus brothers feel that the arguments of the AI researchers are too simplistic. In this regard, they claim: "Too often, computer enthusiasm leads to a simplistic view of human skill and expertise." The AI proponents are accused of having a limited perspective that fails to address such things as human intuition. According to Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus, this failure occurs because intuition is not apparent within the matter of the brain. As such, the Dreyfus brothers reject the "information-processing model" and propose instead "a nonmechanistic model of human skill." The noted philosopher Mortimer J. Adler agrees that human intelligence is not a material thing. For this reason, Adler likewise agrees that computers cannot truly compete with the marvelous powers of the human mind. Although compu...
