nd money to their municipalities against the formal regulations on the argument that the national government would step in to pay up if the locality seemed on the verge of bankruptcy. Local leaders have also used crises, like terrorists attacks or a spurt in unemployment, to demand special grants.”(Sharkansky and Zalmanovitch, 5) Another public administrative job in which improvisation proved more effective is that of sudden immigration of Russian Jews after the collapse of the Soviet Union. If Israel had used the older version of public administrative organization it would take months to set up budgeting, land grants, building contractors, and begin construction to integrate the Russian Jews. By following the chain of command and following the protocols there would not have been any housing for any of the tens of thousands immigrants pouring in monthly. Quick action and thinking was needed with strong leadership and control. “According to one scholar, the Russian immigration constituted a “crisis,” defined as a major, unanticipated change which urgently requires solutions “with high risks,” and for which the existing resources, laws, and procedures are inadequate. The improvisations adopted to deal with the crisis cut constructing time in half, increased by a magnitude of four the rate of housing construction, and produced an adequate supply of housing for immigrants.” This is yet another success story by using improvisation as the method of organization and decision-making process.Improvisation maximizes the discretion of decision makers, it enables them to respond directly to problems or situations at hand, and it “provides the opportunity for inspired evasions of the limits imposed by formal organization and the rigors of rational policy making.”(Sharkansky and Zalmanovitch, 7) It can be used in vastly different ways and to different ends-to blur and delay insoluble conf...
