vels. Not only does the body begin to adapt in a cardiovascular sense but also exercise has been shown to reduce hypokinetic diseases as well as cardiovascular disease.The heart rate is a measurement of how many times the heart beats in a minute. Physically fit people tend to have a lower heart rate and during intense exercise tend to have lower rates as well. A decrease of heart rate at both rest and at fixed intensity of sub-maximal exercise [7] occurs a few months after an exercise program is begun. Ones heart rate reflects the amount of work the heart must do to meet an increase of demands of the body when engaged in activity. Heart Rate tends to increase proportionally with intensity oxygen uptake [16].The amount of blood pumped out during systole is called the stroke volume and is less than the end diastolic volume because the ventricles do not completely empty themselves during systole. At all levels of physical activity stroke volume is increased. There is an improvement in ventricular performance with an increase of plasma volume [4] and a faster peak lengthening the rate of the left ventricle during diastole [6]. Training can improve stroke volume but by no more then about 20%. Due to the decreased heart rate an increase of ventricular filling will result and an increase in ventricular volume and thickening of ventricular walls thus allowing an overall increase in blood volume. [3]The volume of blood pumped in a minute is called the cardiac output and is the product of the stroke volume and the heart rate. Cardiac output is the amount of materials being brought to, or removed from, the bodies tissues measured by the volume pumped out per minute. Cardiac output is equivalent to pulmonary blood flow and how the lungs add oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from it. The overall cardiovascular response to an endurance based conditioning program is an increase of maximal cardiac output (heart rate x stroke volum...
