: -- Maria Theresa (1740-1780) --* Pragmatic Sanctions. -- Joseph II (1765-1790) --* considered to be the only true "enlightened" despot. C. Russia: -- Peter the Great (1682-1725) --* Westernization ("Windows to the West"). -- Catherine the Great (1762-1796) --* rigorous foreign policy; partitions of Poland.IV. Results of Enlightenment Thought: A. contributing factor in the American and French Revolutions. B. Enlightenment thinking reflected in the U. S. Declaration of Independence. C. Enlightened Despots. D. European thought became centered on the belief in reason, science, individual rights, and the progress of civilization. E. New evangelical religious movements --* Pietists, Methodists.ADDITIONAL TERMS TO KNOW:philosophesphysiocratsutilitarianismcosmopolitanismsalonlaissez-faireImmanuel KantJohn WesleyMethodismPietismGeneral Will"Philosopher-King" The EnlightenmentThe Age of Reason 18th century intellectual movement based on reason caused by the scientific revolutionQuestioned the physical universeCentered in Paris -the modern AthensBelieved in natural laws - very secularCriticized:a) Absolutismb) Established ChurchVery important to American Revolution Enlightened Thought 1) Natural science should be used to understand all aspects of lifea) Nothing was to be accepted on faithb) Caused conflict with the church2) Scientific laws were capable of discovering human and natural laws3) Humans could create better societies and people Enlightenment Philosophe (Fr. Philosopher) but not only a French movementCritics of absolutism did not face death for their beliefs like in other countriesFrench was the lingua franca -international language of educatedCritics of the Old Regime and absolutismDeveloped new ideas about God, human nature, good and evil, and cause and effect relationshipsHumans were basically go...
